Conditional sentences
The conditional sentences are sometimes confusing for learners of English.
Watch out:
1) Which type of the conditional sentences is used?
2) Where is the if-clause (e.g. at the beginning or at the end of the conditional sentence)?
There are three types of the if-clauses.
type
condition
I
condition possible to fulfill
II
condition in theory possible to fulfill
III
condition not possible to fulfill (too late)
Form
type
if clause
main clause
I
Simple Present
will-future (or Modal + infinitive)
II
Simple Past
would + infinitive *
III
Past Perfect
would + have + past participle *
Examples (if-clause at the beginning)
type
if clause
main clause
I
If I study, I will pass the exam.
II
If I studied,I would pass the exam.
III
If I had studied, I would have passed the exam.
Examples (if-clause at the end)
type
main clause
if-clause
I
I will pass the exam if I study.
II
I would pass the exam if I studied.
III
I would have passed the exam if I had studied.
Examples (affirmative and negative sentences)
type

Examples


long forms
short/contracted forms
I+If I study, I will pass the exam.
If I study, I'll pass the exam.
-
If I study, I will not fail the exam.If I do not study, I will fail the exam.
If I study, I won't fail the exam.If I don't study, I'll fail the exam.
II
+
If I studied, I would pass the exam.
If I studied, I'd pass the exam.
-
If I studied, I would not fail the exam.If I did not study, I would fail the exam.
If I studied, I wouldn't fail the exam.If I didn't study, I'd fail the exam.
III
+
If I had studied, I would have passed the exam.
If I'd studied, I'd have passed the exam.
-
If I had studied, I would not have failed the exam.If I had not studied, I would have failed the exam.
If I'd studied, I wouldn't have failed the exam.If I hadn't studied, I'd have failed the exam.
* We can substitute could or might for would (should, may or must are sometimes possible, too).
I would pass the exam.
I could pass the exam.
I might pass the exam.
I may pass the exam.
I should pass the exam.
I must pass the exam.

Reported Speech

Reported commands
If you put a command into Reported speech there are some steps which are the same like in statements: (changing of the person, backshift of tenses, changing of expressions of time).
The form is mostly: form of to tell + to + infinitive.
Affirmative commands
Negative commands
Father: "Do your homework."
Teacher. "Don't talk to your neighbour."
Father told me to do my homework.
The teacher told me not to talk to my neighbour.


Reported questions
If you put a question into Reported speech there are some steps which are the same like in statements: (changing of the person, backshift of tenses, changing of expressions of time).
In Reported speech there is no question anymore, the sentence becomes a statement.That's why the word order is: subject - verb
Question without question words (yes/no questions):Peter: "Do you play football?" - Peter asked me whether (if) I played football.
Question with question words:Peter: "When do you play football?" - Peter asked me when I played football

Gerund

We use the Gerund after prepositions.
adjective + preposition
We use the Gerund after the following phrases:
afraid of - They are afraid of losing the match.
angry about/at - Pat is angry about walking in the rain.
bad atgood at- John is good at working in the garden.
clever at- He is clever at skateboarding.
crazy about- The girl is crazy about playing tennis.
disappointed about/at- He is disappointed about seeing such a bad report.
excited about- We are excited about making our own film.
famous for- Sandy is famous for singing songs.
fed up with- I'm fed up with being treated as a child.
fond of- Hannah is fond of going to parties.
glad about- She is glad about getting married again.
happy about/at -The children are not happy about seeing a doctor.
interested in- Are you interested in writing poems?
keen on- Joe is keen on drawing.
proud of- She is proud of riding a snowboard.
sick of- We're sick of sitting around like this.
sorry about/for- He's sorry for eating in the lesson.
tired of -I'm tired of waiting for you.
used to -She is used to smoking.
worried about- I'm worried about making mistakes.

Translation? I'ts easier than you think!!!!

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