Conditional sentences
The conditional sentences are sometimes confusing for learners of English.
Watch out:
1) Which type of the conditional sentences is used?
2) Where is the if-clause (e.g. at the beginning or at the end of the conditional sentence)?
There are three types of the if-clauses.
type
condition
I
condition possible to fulfill
II
condition in theory possible to fulfill
III
condition not possible to fulfill (too late)
Form
type
if clause
main clause
I
Simple Present
will-future (or Modal + infinitive)
II
Simple Past
would + infinitive *
III
Past Perfect
would + have + past participle *
Examples (if-clause at the beginning)
type
if clause
main clause
I
If I study, I will pass the exam.
II
If I studied,I would pass the exam.
III
If I had studied, I would have passed the exam.
Examples (if-clause at the end)
type
main clause
if-clause
I
I will pass the exam if I study.
II
I would pass the exam if I studied.
III
I would have passed the exam if I had studied.
Examples (affirmative and negative sentences)
type

Examples


long forms
short/contracted forms
I+If I study, I will pass the exam.
If I study, I'll pass the exam.
-
If I study, I will not fail the exam.If I do not study, I will fail the exam.
If I study, I won't fail the exam.If I don't study, I'll fail the exam.
II
+
If I studied, I would pass the exam.
If I studied, I'd pass the exam.
-
If I studied, I would not fail the exam.If I did not study, I would fail the exam.
If I studied, I wouldn't fail the exam.If I didn't study, I'd fail the exam.
III
+
If I had studied, I would have passed the exam.
If I'd studied, I'd have passed the exam.
-
If I had studied, I would not have failed the exam.If I had not studied, I would have failed the exam.
If I'd studied, I wouldn't have failed the exam.If I hadn't studied, I'd have failed the exam.
* We can substitute could or might for would (should, may or must are sometimes possible, too).
I would pass the exam.
I could pass the exam.
I might pass the exam.
I may pass the exam.
I should pass the exam.
I must pass the exam.

Reported Speech

Reported commands
If you put a command into Reported speech there are some steps which are the same like in statements: (changing of the person, backshift of tenses, changing of expressions of time).
The form is mostly: form of to tell + to + infinitive.
Affirmative commands
Negative commands
Father: "Do your homework."
Teacher. "Don't talk to your neighbour."
Father told me to do my homework.
The teacher told me not to talk to my neighbour.


Reported questions
If you put a question into Reported speech there are some steps which are the same like in statements: (changing of the person, backshift of tenses, changing of expressions of time).
In Reported speech there is no question anymore, the sentence becomes a statement.That's why the word order is: subject - verb
Question without question words (yes/no questions):Peter: "Do you play football?" - Peter asked me whether (if) I played football.
Question with question words:Peter: "When do you play football?" - Peter asked me when I played football

Gerund

We use the Gerund after prepositions.
adjective + preposition
We use the Gerund after the following phrases:
afraid of - They are afraid of losing the match.
angry about/at - Pat is angry about walking in the rain.
bad atgood at- John is good at working in the garden.
clever at- He is clever at skateboarding.
crazy about- The girl is crazy about playing tennis.
disappointed about/at- He is disappointed about seeing such a bad report.
excited about- We are excited about making our own film.
famous for- Sandy is famous for singing songs.
fed up with- I'm fed up with being treated as a child.
fond of- Hannah is fond of going to parties.
glad about- She is glad about getting married again.
happy about/at -The children are not happy about seeing a doctor.
interested in- Are you interested in writing poems?
keen on- Joe is keen on drawing.
proud of- She is proud of riding a snowboard.
sick of- We're sick of sitting around like this.
sorry about/for- He's sorry for eating in the lesson.
tired of -I'm tired of waiting for you.
used to -She is used to smoking.
worried about- I'm worried about making mistakes.

Translation? I'ts easier than you think!!!!

"Synchronicity I" – 3:23
"Walking in Your Footsteps" – 3:36
"O My God" – 4:02
"Mother" (Andy Summers) – 3:05
"Miss Gradenko" (Stewart Copeland) – 2:00
"Synchronicity II" – 5:02
"Every Breath You Take" – 4:13
"King of Pain" – 4:59
"Wrapped Around Your Finger" – 5:13
"Tea in the Sahara" – 4:19
"Murder by Numbers" (Words Sting, Music Andy Summers) – 4:36

Past Perfect

The past perfect tense is often used in English when we are relating two events which happened in the past. It helps to show which event heppened first. This page will explain the rules for forming and using the tense.
Forming the past perfect tense
This tense is formed using two components: the verb HAVE (in the past tense), and the past participle form of a verb. With a regular verb the past participle ends with -ED (just like the simple past). Irregular verbs have a special past participle form that you have to learn. Here are the rules, using the regular verb "arrive" and the irregular verb "eat":
Subject
HAVE+Past Participle
Contraction
I had arrived. I had eaten.
I'd arrived. I'd eaten.
You had arrived You had eaten.
You'd arrived.You'd eaten.
He had arrived. He had eaten.
He'd arrived. He'd eaten.
She had arrived. She had eaten.
She'd arrived. She'd eaten.
It had arrived. It had eaten.
It'd arrived.It'd eaten.
We had arrived. We had eaten.
We'd arrived.We'd eaten.
They had arrived. They had eaten.
They'd arrived.They'd eaten.



Using the Past Perfect
The past perfect is used to show you which of two events happened first. Imagine that two things happened in the past:
I went to see the movie.
We discussed the movie in class.
Here, we don't know which order the events happened in. That may be important -- perhaps I went to see the movie after the discussion, or maybe I saw the movie before the discussion. There are many ways to make this sequence clear, and the past perfect is one of them. This is how we do it:
I went to see the movie. We had discussed it in class.
Here, we KNOW that the discussion took place FIRST -- even though the sentence describing it comes afterwards. We discussed the movie, and THEN I went to see it. This can be very useful when you are telling a story or relating a sequence of events. At any point in your story, you can jump BACK to a previous event, and your reader will not be confused, because the past perfect will make it clear that the event happened previously. Here is another example:
I wanted to live in a foreign country, so I applied for a job in Japan. Judy lived in Japan, so I called her to find out more about the culture and lifestyle there.
(Judy was probably still living in Japan when I called her.)
I wanted to live in a foreign country, so I applied for a job in Japan. Judy had lived in Japan, so I called her to find out more about the culture and lifestyle there.










Past Perfect
with "after" "before" and "when"


Note the use of "after", "before" and "when" with past perfect tense use.


Earlier

Later
After
I had stopped at an ATM

I took my friends out to lunch.

I had stopped at an ATM
before
I took my friends out to lunch.





Later

Earlier

I took my friends out to lunch
after
I had stopped at an ATM.
Before
I took my friends out to lunch

I had stopped at an ATM.





Earlier

Later

I had just closed my eyes
when
the telephone rang.





Later

Earlier
When
the telephone rang

I had just closed my eyes.


Practice


1. Consider the logical sequence of events, then, decide where to put the adverb.Next, decide whether to use past perfect verb tense.
2. Then click anywhere in the background of the page to see if your answer is partially or all correct. If all of your answer is correct then all of it will remain in the box. If it is partially correct , your answer will be erased to the right of the correct letters entered.

Parte superior do formulário
EXAMPLE: We (just sit) down to dinner. A fire (break out) in the kitchen. when
Step 1: Consider the logical sequence of events, then, decide where to put the adverb. We (just sit) down to dinner. when A fire (break out) in the kitchen.
Step2: Join the sentences and adjust the verb tense in each clause.



1. He (just buy) a new home. His company (transfer) him to another city. when



2. The examination (already begin). They (discover) one of the pages was missing. after

3.His daughter (just given up) hope. She (receive) a telegram saying she had been awarded first prize.
when


4. The student (barely have) a chance to use his new text book. He (lose) it on a bus. before




5. The company (already ship) the merchandise.They (realize) they had sent it to the wrong address. after




6. He (barely overcome) one financial difficulty. Another, more serious one (face) him. when





7. The couple (just enter) the house. They (begin) to argue. when




8. They (hire) a new cook. The old one (ask) for his job back. after



9. The car (hardly go) a mile. It (have) a flat tire. before



10. The foot ball players (just enter) the stadium. A cheer (arise) from the audience. when
Parte inferior do formulário

REPORTED SPEECH
Supply the correct form of the verbs.
1. I said, “I don’t fell well today”.
I said that I …………………………………… well that day.
2. Mother said, “The girls are playing in the park.”
Mother said that the girls …………………………… in the park.
3. She said, “I will be your new teacher”.
She said that she ……………………………………. my new teacher.
4. George said, “I read the newspaper yesterday”.
George said that he ……………………… the newspaper the day before.
5. My father said, “I will be working tomorrow”
My father said that he …………………………….. the next day.
Put into the reported speech.
1. Harold said, “I am studying biology now”.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. The girls said, “We are going to buy some flowers”.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. The bus driver said, “I will have reached Salvador next Friday”.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. They said, “We want to swim now”.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. He said, “I saw her last night”.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

6. Jane said, “Joe didn’t come this morning”.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

7. Albert said, “ Raymond was playing in my room an hour ago”.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

8. I said, “I will not write it tomorrow”.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. Mr. Winston said, “John doesn’t live here”.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

10. Cecilia said, “You have to help me today”

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
Put into the direct speech.
1. Julie said that she would receive a letter from Bill.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. James said that I had to see his work that today.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. She said that she had lived there since the year before.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. They said that they were studying history then.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. Mrs. Alison said that she was my new teacher

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

6. Francis said that he would be in London the following week.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

7. Paul said that his brother had worked in Madrid three years before.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

8. Alice said that she went to school with her father.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

9. They said that they would go to the movies if they had money

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

10. Peter said that he would have left the next day.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

STRUCTURE
DIRECT SPEECH
REPORTED SPEECH
John said, “I love Mary”.
John said that he loved Mary.
John said to Mary, “I love you”
John told Mary that he loved her.
He said, “Where is Linda?”
He asked where Linda was.
She said, “How do you go to school?”
She asked how I went to school.
They said, “When will she arrive?”
They asked when she would arrive.
She said, “Do you speak English?”
She asked if I spoke English.
They said, “Did she go to school?”
They asked if she had gone to school.
He said, “Will they help you?”
He asked if they would help me

Supply the correct form of the verbs.
1. Peter said, “Have you finished your homework?”
Peter asked if I ………………………………………… my homework.
2. I said to him, “Did you write your composition?”
I asked him if he ………………………………………… his composition.
3. Bob said, “Do you know the name of this school?”
Bob asked if I ………………………………………… the name of that school.
4. Joyce said to George, “Will you help me?”
Joyce asked George if he ………………………………………… her.
5. Frank said, “How do you go to work?”
6. Frank asked how I ………………………………………… to work.
Put into the reported speech.
1. My sister said to me, “Do you want to ski?”
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. He said to me, “How are you today?”
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. She said to him, “Where do you study?”
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. I said to Jane, “Are you going to school?”
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Joe said, “Why will you write the letter?”
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Dr. Watson said to me, “What have you seen?”
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. Betty said, “What time is it?”
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. Johnny said to his mother, “Can I go to the club?”
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. Christine said, “Who wants to go with me?”
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
10. Mother said, “Where did Lucy go?” ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
Put into the direct speech.
1. Carol asked me if I was tired.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. He asked where we would go.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. They asked him where he lived.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. She asked them if they had seen her book.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. I asked if you spoke English.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

6. Mom asked me if I would study the next day.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

7. We asked them if they played the piano.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

8. She asked why I didn’t go with her.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

9. Jane asked if I had brought the books.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Used to and Be used to doing

USED TO DO

Ross: when I was younger, I used to be a singer in a rock band. That was before I become an actress, I used to travel around the country doing gigs.

Used + to-infinitive means that something happened regularly or went on for a time in the past.
I used to travel means that in the past I regularly travelled, but I no longer do so.

Here are some examples:
We used to play that game when we were younger.
Nick used to smoke, but he gave it up.
I used to like fish, but I never eat it now.
There used to be a dancehall here, but they knocked it down:

We cannot use this structure in the present tense:
Claire travels a lot, NOT Claire uses to travel a lot.

We normally use didn’t use to in negatives and did… use to in questions:
We didn’t use to have computers. OR We never used to have computers.
Were did people used to buy their food before the supermarket was built?
Did you used to live in London?

BE USED TO DOING
Steve: I’m used to driving because I travel a lot in my job. I’m used to travelling around the country.
Be used to + ing- form means that something is familiar and is no longer strange. I’m used to travelling means that travelling is no longer strange or difficult because I have done it for so long.
Here are some more examples:
We’re used to getting up early. We do it every day. NOT we’re used to get up early
Sarah is used to working late at the office.
Most visitors to Britain aren’t used to driving on the left
I wasn’t used to wearing glasses. It seemed very strange at first.
We can also say get used to to talk about things becoming more familiar:
It was difficult at first, but Mike soon got to working at night.
After her husband died, the old woman had to get used to living on her own.

Exercises:
Used to do
Mrs. Bell is a hundred years old. She’s the oldest person in the village.
A radio reporter is interviewing her. Put in used to with the verb:
Mrs. Bell: I’ve always lived in the village, but not always in this house.
Reporter: where ______________ (you live)?
When I was a girl, we lived at Apple Tree Farm.
______________________________(we/like) it there.
Reporter: But life was hard, wasn’t it?
Mrs. Bell: Oh yes. Things __________________ (be) different from the way they are now. In those days ________________________(we/not/have) electricity.
Reporter: And _____________________ (you/help) with the farm work?
Mrs. Bell: Yes, _______________________( I/look) after the hens.


Used to do and be used to doing
Put in a to-infinitive or to + ing-form. Use the verbs in brackets:

When I was a child, I used to _____________ (dream) of being an astronaut.
I’m terribly nervous. I’m not used ____________(speak) to a large audience.
It took us ages to get used ___________________(live) in a block of flats.
Lots of trains used ________________( stop) here, but not many do now.
Didn’t Nick use_________________(work) on a building site?
There didn’t use____________________( be) so many soap operas on television.
I’ll have an orange juice, please. I’m not used _______________(drink) alcohol.
David doesn’t seem to mind being in hospital. I suppose he’s got used ____________(be) there.
When Laura was at the college, she used _________________(have) a picture of Elvis Presley on her bedroom wall.
Supposed to be' can be used to mean 'it is said/believed

The new James Bond movie is supposed to be excellent.
He is supposed to have been rude to Mark but I don't believe it.
It is supposed to be the best restaurant in town.
Supposed to be can also be used to talk about what is arranged, intended or expected. It is a bit like 'should'.

I'm supposed to get to work by 8.
John is supposed to turn off all the lights when he leaves.
I'm supposed to pay my rent on the first of the month.
It's not supposed to be here.
Often there is a suggestion that the action 'supposed to' happen does not actually happen.

I'm supposed to be there before 8 but I'm often late.
You were supposed to phone me.
I'm supposed to be getting on a plane to Tokyo at this very minute.
'Not supposed to' often suggests that something is not allowed or prohibited.

You're not supposed to smoke in here.
I'm not supposed to tell you.
We're not supposed to use the Internet for personal reasons at work.
'Suppose' can also be used as a conjunction to mean 'what if'. Notice that the verb which follows it is sometimes, but not always, put 'more in the past'.

Suppose we take the earlier train to Munich? It would give us more time there.
Suppose we took the plane instead? That would give us even more time.
There's nobody in reception to let our visitors in. Suppose I sit there until somebody comes?
I'm going to ask him for a pay increase. ~ Suppose he said 'no'? What would you do?

BE SUPPOSED TO

It has three different meanings:

It is supposed to = it is said to...

I'm going to buy his book. It's supposed to be very good (it is said to be very good)
Why hasn't the teacher come to school today? She is supposed to be ill (She is said to be ill)

Something that is supposed to happen= it is planned, arranged or expected. Often this is different from what really happens

The exam was supposed to start at 10.00 sharp but the teacher was late
I'm supposed to give a conference in Berlin tomorrow but I think I'm going down with flu.

You are not supposed to do something= it is not allowed or advisable for you to do that

She is not supposed to speak Spanish in an English class.


Rewrite the following sentences using the structure: Be supposed to.

1. It's your duty to make tea at eleven.
_______________tea at eleven.
2. We don't allow smoking here.
________________here.
3. It was your duty to obey him.
________________obey him.
4. It is said that Peter is a millionaire.
_________________Peter a millionaire.
5. My students can't talk to each other during the exams.
________________talk to each other during exams.

Fables

The Ass in the Lion's Skin
An Ass once found a Lion's skin which the hunters had left out in the sun to dry. He put it on and went towards his native village. All fled at his approach, both men and animals, and he was a proud Ass that day. In his delight he lifted up his voice and brayed, but then every one knew him, and his owner came up and gave him a sound cudgelling for the fright he had caused. And shortly afterwards a Fox came up to him and said: "Ah, I knew you by your voice."
Fine clothes may disguise, but silly words will disclose a fool.



The Bat and the Weasels
A Bat who fell upon the ground and was caught by a Weasel pleaded to be spared his life. The Weasel refused, saying that he was by nature the enemy of all birds. The Bat assured him that he was not a bird, but a mouse, and thus was set free. Shortly afterwards the Bat again fell to the ground and was caught by another Weasel,whom he likewise entreated not to eat him. The Weasel said that he had a special hostility to mice. The Bat assured him that he was not a mouse, but a bat, and thus a second time escaped.
It is wise to turn circumstances to good account.

Phrasal Verbs!!!!! Sempre atuais

Phrasal Verbs – Everyday situations

1) Here are some phrasal verbs in everyday situations:

Come on, we’re going now
Trevor dug up an old coin in the garden
You have to fill in your name and address
How did you get on in the test?
I usually get up late on Sundays
I’m going out for the evening
Melanie poured tea for the guests and handed the cakes round
Hurry up. We haven’t much time
David hit his head on a lamppost and knocked himself out
Mark picked up the machine in first
I’m going to throw these old clothes away
We were too tired to wash up after the meal
Sarah woke up suddenly in the night

2) Here are some phrasal verbs with the same meaning as a one-word verb:

They’re going to bring in a new law against drinking and driving (= introduce)
How did the argument come about? (= happen)
Emma isn’t speaking to Mathew. They’re fallen out (= quarreled) – to discuss
We’ve fixed up a meeting for next Tuesday (= arranged)
Trevor gave up playing football years ago (= stopped)
I had a pain in my arm, but it’s gone away (= disappeared)
We heard the bomb go off five miles away (= explode)
The United Nations was set up to settle conflicts peacefully (= established)
I’m trying to work out how much money I’ve spent (= calculate)

3) Business situations:
If we’re spending too much money, we’ll have a cut back (= spend less)
Our lawyers will draw up a new contract (= write)
We mustn’t fall behind in the race to develop new products (= be slower than others)
The two sides were close to an agreement, but it fell through (= didn’t happen)
The company fought off a takeover by ICM Computers (= managed to stop)
I tried to ring Santiago, but I couldn’t get through (= make contact)
The company has laid off two hundred workers because of a lack of new orders
The computer will print out the details
The consultants put forward a proposal to reorganize the company (= suggest)
I’ll get the information for you. Can I ring you back in half an hour? (= phone again)
Sarah paid a visit to the client to try to sort out the difficulties (= put right)
The company boss has stepped down after ten years in charge (= left the job)
We are taking on the challenge of expanding overseas (= accepting)
Large companies sometimes take over smaller ones (= take control of)

Exercises:
Rewrite the sentences replacing each underlined verb with a phrasal verb:
a) We’re trying to arrange a holiday together
b) Nick says he’s stopped smoking
c) How did the accident happen?
d) I think Matthew and Emma have quarreled
e) The government is introducing a new tax on computers
f) Zedco want to establish a new sales office in Germany


I) Complete the news article about Zedco. Put in these words: fallen behind, fell through, fight off, laying off, put forward, sort out, step down, taking over, taken on:

Zedco Chief Executive Barry Douglas has ______________ a new plan designed to ______________________ the company’s problems. It is only twelve months since Zedco tried to strengthen its position by ________________ Alpha managed to _____________ Zedco’s attempts to take control. Since then Zedco has performed poorly and has ________________ in the race for market share. Managing Director James Ironside has had to ____________, and Barry Douglas has _____________ the task of rescuing the company. There are fears that the new plan will mean ___________
Staff in order to reduce expenditure.

II) Adverb meanings
Look at these adverbs and their meanings. Remember that an adverb can have a number of different meanings:


Down = becoming less
Turn down the music/bring down the cost of living
Down = completely to the ground
Knock a house down
Cut down a tree
Down = stopping completely
The car broke down
A factory closing down
Down = on paper
Copy down the words
Write down the message
Note down the details
Off = away, departing
Set off on a journey
Jump in the car and drive off
See Emma off at the station
The plane took off
The pain is wearing off
Off = disconnected
Switch off the heater
Cut off our electricity
On = connected
Switch on the kettle (chaleira)
Turn on the TV
Leave the lights on all night
On = wearing
Put a cot on
Try the sweater on


On = continuing
Carry on working
Drive on a bit further
Hang on/hold on a minute
Out = away, disappearing
Wash out the dirt
Cross out a mistake
Blow out the candle
Out = to different people
Hand out free tickets
Share out the winnings
Out = aloud
Read out the article
Call out anxiously
Out = from start to finish
Write out the whole list
Work out the answer
Over = from start to finish
Check your work over
Think the problem over
Up = increasing
Prices are going up
Speak up so we can hear
Up = completely
Eat up these chocolates
Fill up with petrol
Count up the money
Tear up the paper














I) Look back and write the meaning of the underlined words in these sentences:

I must get these ideas down in writing _______________________________________
Daniel finished all the cake up _____________________________________________
I’m writing in pencil so I can rub out my mistakes _____________________________
Vicky didn’t answer. She just went on reading ________________________________
I’ll just read over what I’ve written _________________________________________
A woman in the audience shouted something out _______________________________
The water was turned off for about an hour today ______________________________
Nick’s aggressive manner frightens people off _________________________________
The company wants to keep its costs down ____________________________________
The embassy was burnt down by terrorists ____________________________________
Someone will have to type all these figures out ________________________________
Social workers were giving out soup to the hungry _____________________________
Luckily Zedco’s sales figures are moving up again _____________________________
The man was tall and dark. He had a blue jacket on ____________________________
Business is so bad that many firms have shut down ____________________________

II) Put in the correct adverb:

Everything is so expensive. Prices seem to be going ___ all the time.
Yes and the government is supposed to be bringing inflation _______.
You shouldn’t leave the television ___ all night.
Sorry, I forgot. I usually turn it _____.
I’ve written the wrong word here.
Well, rub it _______.
I can’t. It’s in biro. I’ll have to write the whole thing ________ again.
They’re going to pull ______ this beautiful old building.
I know. Some protesters were handing _________ leaflets about it.
Hold ______ a minute. I thought I heard someone call ________.
I think you must have imagined it.

III) What are they saying? Put in the phrasal verbs:

I’m afraid the car has __________
Why don’t you ____________ this coat?
Look, the plane is __________.
I can’t hear. Please ___________.
We’re just __________ on holiday.

Prasal Verbs!!!!! Sempre atuais

Phrasal Verbs – Everyday situations

1) Here are some phrasal verbs in everyday situations:

Come on, we’re going now
Trevor dug up an old coin in the garden
You have to fill in your name and address
How did you get on in the test?
I usually get up late on Sundays
I’m going out for the evening
Melanie poured tea for the guests and handed the cakes round
Hurry up. We haven’t much time
David hit his head on a lamppost and knocked himself out
Mark picked up the machine in first
I’m going to throw these old clothes away
We were too tired to wash up after the meal
Sarah woke up suddenly in the night

2) Here are some phrasal verbs with the same meaning as a one-word verb:

They’re going to bring in a new law against drinking and driving (= introduce)
How did the argument come about? (= happen)
Emma isn’t speaking to Mathew. They’re fallen out (= quarreled) – to discuss
We’ve fixed up a meeting for next Tuesday (= arranged)
Trevor gave up playing football years ago (= stopped)
I had a pain in my arm, but it’s gone away (= disappeared)
We heard the bomb go off five miles away (= explode)
The United Nations was set up to settle conflicts peacefully (= established)
I’m trying to work out how much money I’ve spent (= calculate)

3) Business situations:
If we’re spending too much money, we’ll have a cut back (= spend less)
Our lawyers will draw up a new contract (= write)
We mustn’t fall behind in the race to develop new products (= be slower than others)
The two sides were close to an agreement, but it fell through (= didn’t happen)
The company fought off a takeover by ICM Computers (= managed to stop)
I tried to ring Santiago, but I couldn’t get through (= make contact)
The company has laid off two hundred workers because of a lack of new orders
The computer will print out the details
The consultants put forward a proposal to reorganize the company (= suggest)
I’ll get the information for you. Can I ring you back in half an hour? (= phone again)
Sarah paid a visit to the client to try to sort out the difficulties (= put right)
The company boss has stepped down after ten years in charge (= left the job)
We are taking on the challenge of expanding overseas (= accepting)
Large companies sometimes take over smaller ones (= take control of)

Exercises:
Rewrite the sentences replacing each underlined verb with a phrasal verb:
a) We’re trying to arrange a holiday together
b) Nick says he’s stopped smoking
c) How did the accident happen?
d) I think Matthew and Emma have quarreled
e) The government is introducing a new tax on computers
f) Zedco want to establish a new sales office in Germany


I) Complete the news article about Zedco. Put in these words: fallen behind, fell through, fight off, laying off, put forward, sort out, step down, taking over, taken on:

Zedco Chief Executive Barry Douglas has ______________ a new plan designed to ______________________ the company’s problems. It is only twelve months since Zedco tried to strengthen its position by ________________ Alpha managed to _____________ Zedco’s attempts to take control. Since then Zedco has performed poorly and has ________________ in the race for market share. Managing Director James Ironside has had to ____________, and Barry Douglas has _____________ the task of rescuing the company. There are fears that the new plan will mean ___________
Staff in order to reduce expenditure.

II) Adverb meanings
Look at these adverbs and their meanings. Remember that an adverb can have a number of different meanings:


Down = becoming less
Turn down the music/bring down the cost of living
Down = completely to the ground
Knock a house down
Cut down a tree
Down = stopping completely
The car broke down
A factory closing down
Down = on paper
Copy down the words
Write down the message
Note down the details
Off = away, departing
Set off on a journey
Jump in the car and drive off
See Emma off at the station
The plane took off
The pain is wearing off
Off = disconnected
Switch off the heater
Cut off our electricity
On = connected
Switch on the kettle (chaleira)
Turn on the TV
Leave the lights on all night
On = wearing
Put a cot on
Try the sweater on


On = continuing
Carry on working
Drive on a bit further
Hang on/hold on a minute
Out = away, disappearing
Wash out the dirt
Cross out a mistake
Blow out the candle
Out = to different people
Hand out free tickets
Share out the winnings
Out = aloud
Read out the article
Call out anxiously
Out = from start to finish
Write out the whole list
Work out the answer
Over = from start to finish
Check your work over
Think the problem over
Up = increasing
Prices are going up
Speak up so we can hear
Up = completely
Eat up these chocolates
Fill up with petrol
Count up the money
Tear up the paper














I) Look back and write the meaning of the underlined words in these sentences:

I must get these ideas down in writing _______________________________________
Daniel finished all the cake up _____________________________________________
I’m writing in pencil so I can rub out my mistakes _____________________________
Vicky didn’t answer. She just went on reading ________________________________
I’ll just read over what I’ve written _________________________________________
A woman in the audience shouted something out _______________________________
The water was turned off for about an hour today ______________________________
Nick’s aggressive manner frightens people off _________________________________
The company wants to keep its costs down ____________________________________
The embassy was burnt down by terrorists ____________________________________
Someone will have to type all these figures out ________________________________
Social workers were giving out soup to the hungry _____________________________
Luckily Zedco’s sales figures are moving up again _____________________________
The man was tall and dark. He had a blue jacket on ____________________________
Business is so bad that many firms have shut down ____________________________

II) Put in the correct adverb:

Everything is so expensive. Prices seem to be going ___ all the time.
Yes and the government is supposed to be bringing inflation _______.
You shouldn’t leave the television ___ all night.
Sorry, I forgot. I usually turn it _____.
I’ve written the wrong word here.
Well, rub it _______.
I can’t. It’s in biro. I’ll have to write the whole thing ________ again.
They’re going to pull ______ this beautiful old building.
I know. Some protesters were handing _________ leaflets about it.
Hold ______ a minute. I thought I heard someone call ________.
I think you must have imagined it.

III) What are they saying? Put in the phrasal verbs:

I’m afraid the car has __________
Why don’t you ____________ this coat?
Look, the plane is __________.
I can’t hear. Please ___________.
We’re just __________ on holiday.

músicas bem legais

Hop in the car and go with me
You don't have to pack everything
Don't you wanna feel the breeze?
And forget everything, baby
Hop in the car and go with me
You don't have to pack everything
Don't you wanna feel the breeze?
And forget everything baby
Got laid off at your job today
You've been working at this place for years
And though you were underpaid
Mami that place isn't worth your tears(Oh, oh)
I know that life is hard on you
And you can't seem to find out why
I'll explain, just grab your coat, girl
And just join me on this ride
Let's take a ride, on the country side
Let's just get away
We can spend the night, till the morning light
Let's just get away
Girl you're the best
You could be
An angel among society
But you get crushed
From what you see
You try to hard to help and that's enough for me(Woo..)
Try to change what you can
And accept all the things you cannot(Don't stress yourself baby)
I know you wanna fly away from the world
But for now with the time we've got
Let's take a ride, on the country side
Let's just get away
We can spend the night, till the morning light
Let's just get away
Let's take a ride, on the country side
Let's just get away(Let's just get away)
We can spend the night, till the morning light
Let's just get away(Let's just get away)
Maybe if you consider us just riding
That once you feel like a winner
No more crying
And baby I know just what you need(I know)
To let your hair down so that you feel free, yea(Hair, yea yea yea)
It hurts me to watch you see it through(It hurts me baby)
Girl you're so confused(Let's get away)
And I know what to do
Let's take a ride, on the country side
Let's just get away(Let's just get away)(Let's go, girl)
We can spend the night, till the morning light(Night)
Let's just get away(Let's just get away)
Let's take a ride
Hop in the car and go with me
You don't have to pack everything
Don't you wanna feel the breeze?
And forget everything, baby(Let's take a ride)
Hop in the car and go with me
You don't have to pack everything
Don't you wanna feel the breeze?
And forget everything, baby
Let's take a rideLet's go girl
Let's go girlLet's go girl

preposição

A preposição é a coisa mais chata do mundo, não? Pode ser... mas vamos tentar resolver mais detalhadamente algumas queixas mais frequentes:
- decorar na verdade pode ser um meio rápido mas não eficiente;
- procure identificar no seu dia-a-dia o uso mais frequente das preposições e assim certamente o sucesso será eminente!!!!
Vamos praticar? Então lembre-se de algumas regrinhas importantessobre preposições de tempo:

IN + year/month/season
in 1967
in August
in winter
in the 21st century

IN + a week or more
in the Easter holiday
in the summer term

IN + part of day
in the morning
in the evening

ON + day/date
on Wednesday
on 30 April
on that day

ON + a single day
on Easter Monday
on Christmas Day

ON + day+ part of day
on Friday morning
on Tuesday evening

AT +clock time/meal time
at three o'clock
at lunch (time)
at that moment

AT + two or three days
at Easter/Christmas
at the weekend (US: on the weekend)
PAX ET LUX!!!

http://www.world-english.org/prepositions2.htm

música sempre ajuda

Algumas dicas de músicas bem legais para tradução...



http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XBo3HWqcq8k

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=be0j4PbrQOI

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yEfSnjL0pd8

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UdceKu89SxY

mais exercícios

http://www.world-english.org/prepositions2.htm

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/structures/prepositions_place_time.htm

www.englishpage.com/prepositions/prepositions

A Páscoa!!!!

Numa noite super feliz que na verdade comemoramos comendo ovos de chocolate, teríamos que de repente parar e pensar um pouco, mesmo assim , nada disso. Vamos nos conter um pouco
e tentar falar do bom espírito que cerca essa data tão importante e acreditar que tudo é possível, inclusive estudar e conseguir lembrar de tudo!!!!
Que tal um pouco de música para alegrar nosso feriado?
Bem, tenho algumas sugestões nada difíceis para ajudar na tradução e na aquisição de vocabulário novo:
I say a little prayer for you
Imagine
Wonderful world
You've got a friend
E tomara que seu feriado seja bem legal e cuidado com o chocolate!!!!!

meis uma vez

Na verdade, podemos dizer que um aluno é ou não inteligente? Bem, na maioria das vezes não é de bom tom dizer isso, e em contrapartida, existem momentos em que precisamos mesmo de um bom conselho. Pois bem, mais um:
1) quando seu professor ou mestre te puxar a orelha, pense que na verdade ele quer que você mostre e dê o melhor de você, e não pense que ele ou ela estão te desemrecendo! É justamente o oposto, acreditamos e vemos o talento em cada aluno que por ventura possa trabalhar e ao trabalhar, permito que nada seja IMPOSSÍVEL.
Não existe impossível na hora de ensinar!!!!
Pax et Lux

como posso?

Bem queridos, aqui estou para mais uma jornada que na verdade, para mim é um enorme e delicioso prazer: lecionar.
Sou apenas mais uma num universo de estrelas e as vezes me sinto um pouco apagada, mas sempre consigo reacender a chama da paixão e por isso, vou dar dicas de sucesso!
Vamos lá! Como fazer?
É simples para que é um pouco organizado, estudar desorganisadamente, não é? Pois nada é impossível, creia!!!!
A primeira coisa que deve ser feita é ter um caderno de anotações de suas aulas, porque fatalmente essas serão as perguntas das provas e creia, professores adoram massificar os alunos numa vã esperança de vingança!!!!
Bem, pelo menos essa é uma das várias dicas!!!!
Meus alunos me aguardam
Espero que tenha ajudado!!
Pax et LUX